Canda Health Care System Vs. United States Health Care system Research Paper

Canda Health Care System Vs. US Health Care framework - Research Paper Example Also, it is openly financed and directed on a common premise through the rules that are set by the national government. The U.S wellbeing framework, then again, has both private and open safety net providers. Notwithstanding, the strength of the private segment over the open part is the thing that makes this framework exceptional everywhere throughout the world (Singh and Shi, 2010, 27). Medicinal services framework in the U.S has been a subject of much polarizing banter. One outrageous end is of individuals who contend that Americans have the best sort of social insurance framework everywhere throughout the world, while the opposite end contends that the American framework is divided and wasteful with all the more enduring because of monstrous uninsuranced, authoritative waste and lopsided quality (NBER, 2012). Adventitiously, as per Canadian healthcare.org (2012), the Canada wellbeing framework is additionally a subject of political contention and discussion in the nation. A few residents question the productivity of the current framework in conveying medicines in an opportune manner and supporters for a private framework that is similar to the U.S. The United States human services is profited by a few substances, which are generally held and overseen by the private part (MacNeil/â€Å'Lehrer Productions). Basically, the administration offers health care coverage in the open area, with 65% of its arrangements and spending radiating from projects, for example, Medicaid, Medicare, and Children’s Health Insurance among other human services programs. Lion's share of the individuals are guaranteed by the business; a little percent get the protection all alone, while the rest are uninsured (Singh and Shi, 2010, 27). Then again, human services protection in Canada is completely supported and furnished by the government with much help originating from the private segment. It is for the most part guided by the Canadian wellbeing act with the administration guaranteeing that quality social insurance is given through the government

Uncertainy avoidance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Uncertainy evasion - Assignment Example As indicated by Reimann, Lã ¼nemann and Chase (2008), customers from those societies that display expanded vulnerability shirking are less happy with administration abandons, or when administration desires are not met when contrasted with those from low-vulnerability societies. I have distinguished culture as a solid determinant of a people conduct in any event, when such an individual is in a totally different culture. In my view, struggle will consistently be unavoidable as long as the individuals in any circumstance have distinctive social directions. As of late, the world has seen the UN and USA attempting to persuade President Assad of Syria to step down and permit just administration to take on. Be that as it may, he despite everything has solid inside and outer help from those residents and countries with significant levels of vulnerability shirking like Russia. In the event that the circumstance in Syria were going on in Western countries, the residents would be less ready to help such a system under war conditions. The perusing has permitted me to think about why various individuals get it extremely unbending to change. For example, I have a lot of my companions who take the course, which a previous relative took, and exceptionally dodge new course s that are somewhat unsurprising as far as business openings and progress. Furthermore, I have increased an away from of why individuals from most Asian nations like to live in gatherings and infrequently make fellowships with those not quite the same as them. Reimann, Lã ¼nemann and Chases (2008) study has permitted me to take note of that, in business, it is a great idea to learn and comprehend the distinctions in customers’ societies, desires and needs, to have the option to make a move of them in the most ideal manner and to maintain a strategic distance from struggle. As Kegan and Lahey (2009) watch, in societies with a significant level of vulnerability evasion, residents decide on unsurprising authority and administration. They at that point become faithful to their pioneers and grasp their method of getting things done with little analysis. Here, residents are concerned;

Technology and Policy at SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Technology and Policy at SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog You normally dont correlate cyberspace with policy but contrary to belief, it is closely tied together.   I was reminded in a meeting today about all the great work SIPA is doing and the now many courses on the impact of technology on policy and cyber security issues. SIPA was granted a $1 Million grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York to help link academics to policymakers.   SIPA will expand its role as a key global hub for research and consultation on policy.   Drawing on Carnegie support, SIPA will promote multi-disciplinary research in the growing area of cyber policy and internet governance, drawing together faculty from across the University and engaging them with senior practitioners in both the public and private sectors around the world. “Because cyber security has become such a highly visible problem for governments, companies, and individuals, the development of cyber policy and governance is a high priority,” said Dean Merit E. Janow. “As the hub of global policy studies at Columbia, SIPA is well-positioned to draw upon leading thinkers at Columbia University and around the world and bring scholars and practitioners together across disciplines to generate fresh ideas and policy recommendations,” said Dean Janow. Among other initial activities, the grant will be used to support two of SIPA’s newest scholarsâ€"Herb Lin, a senior fellow in cybersecurity, and Andrew McLaughlin, a senior fellow in technology and public policy.

A Poetic Take on the Baseball Sport

Should There Be Legal Age For Drinking Alcohol Essay

Should there be legal age for drinking alcohol? there is always a question that why alcohol is not banned .alcohol have destroyed many lives and it is still destroying .youngsters find it cool to drink alcohol so they get easily get attracted to it .when a person drinks alcohol he loses his control on himself .if a person is alcoholic the chances a person can commit crime increases. Alcohol should be ban because it is destroying our youngsters, health and psychological. Alcohol is the worst a person can be addict to. One reason we should ban alcohol because it is destroying our youngsters which are the future of our nation. Alcohol is taking the blooming flowers of our nations to the black hole of the no and destroyed life. This is the biggest concern of the government and many people how to make our youngsters away from the alcohol. â€Å"Six per cent (n = 38) of girls and 5.5% (n = 33) of boys reported hazardous levels of alcohol consumption in a typical week (21+ units in a typical week for girls; 28+ units in a typical week for boys). Hazardous consumption was most closely associated with older children, and norms ( Table 2). Norms was the strongest predictor of hazardous drinking: Children who reported drinking much more than other pupils their age and gender were more than 50 times more likely to engage in hazardous drinking than those who reported drinking less than other pupils their age and gender.†( Armitage, C. J. (2013). Research paper: Patterns of excess alcoholShow MoreRelate dThe Minimum Drinking Age Act1700 Words   |  7 PagesNational Minimum Drinking Age Act made all 50 states raise the legal drinking age to 21(Dejong). The debate is on whether the age should be lowered or not. Statistically, having the age at 21 has been very helpful in keeping the nation safe. If there is not an issue with age now, would it make sense to lower the age and create unnecessary problems? In this case, the negative effects outweigh the positive. Simply because there is no good in lowering the age. The legal drinking age has been set atRead More Lowering the Legal Minimum Drinking Age Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pagesunderage drinking has become a major problem, especially on college campuses. But, underage drinking is not purely the root of all accidents related to alcohol. The real problem lies within the unsafe underage drinking habits amongst youth. There are ways that these alcohol-related accidents can be avoided. Several organizations have been created that are targeting a change in the legal drinking age laws. One key way to lower the risk of unsafe drinking is to lower the minimum legal drinking age fromRead MoreNot Lowering the Drinking Age1642 Words   |  7 PagesLowering the Drinking Age Many teenage deaths in the United States are caused in some way by the influence of alcohol; however, many people still believe that the legal drinking age should be reduced to eighteen. This issue has been going on for years, but the law has not been changed since the change to twenty-one in 1980. States have become stricter about preventing under-age drinking, but teenagers have no problem getting alcohol. There are many arguments in favor of changing the drinking age back toRead MoreWhy Lowering The Drinking Age Is A Good Idea?. Lowering1627 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Drinking Age is a Good Idea? Lowering the drinking age to 18 in the United States has been a source of controversy in recent years. It has been a controversial topic because many people disagree, while many agree with the topic. For example, the people who disagree and are against lowering the drinking age to 18 believe we should not lower the drinking age because 18 year old individuals are not responsible enough to drink alcohol. While, the people who agree we should lower the drinking ageRead MoreUnderage Drinking Is Part Of The Culture Of College1734 Words   |  7 PagesBy the time high school students are seniors around 70 percent of students have had alcohol and the number will increase more as they begin college (IUPUI). With being in college one thing that I did discover is that underage drinking is part of the culture in college, also the friends that I had in high school who are 21 now I have discovered they drink some of the least amount now. Which has begun to make me wonder why people who are 2 1 drink less than people who are underage. I believe thatRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be Abolished1634 Words   |  7 Pagesand Liquor: A Balancing Act Laws surrounding alcohol use and consumption in the United States all stem from one major root: the Prohibition Era of the 1920s. The Prohibition Era lasted almost thirteen years and banned the production, the distribution, and the sale of alcohol. In 1933, the Prohibition Act was repealed and states designated their own legal drinking age. In 1984 the National Minimum Drinking Age act was passed and raised the drinking age in the United States to twenty-one. This lawRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered988 Words   |  4 PagesThe Legal Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered There are copious amounts of people who believe that the legal drinking age should be lowered to eighteen. Others think the drinking age needs to remain the same. A few of those also conclude the legal age of adulthood should be raised to 21. The belief is if the adolescent brain has not matured enough to support alcohol use by age 21, it cannot make the responsible decisions required at 18 years of age. Voters should make the decision toRead MoreChanging the Minimun Legal Drinking Age in the United States1745 Words   |  7 PagesChanging the Minimum Legal Drinking Age in the United States Over the past twenty years the minimum legal drinking age has been twenty-one in all US states, but that has not stopped citizens of the United Sates from attempting to lower the age. Following the end of prohibition in the United Sates during the Great Depression, all states agreed on a set of twenty-one to be the legal drinking age. For almost forty years there was no change in the drinking age until a decrease in the age for voting occurredRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be Lowered From The Age Of 21 Essay980 Words   |  4 Pagesconsidered â€Å"adults† cannot even make their own decisions? The drinking age on alcohol is a controversial social and cultural issue in today’s society; all fifty states have a minimum drinking age of 21. The legal drinking age should be lowered from the age of 21 to 18 allowing young adults to be granted the right to drink in restaurants, bars, at social events, in the comfort of their own home, and so on. If anything, lowering the legal drinking age would have a positive impact on the United Sates economyRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered973 Words   |  4 Pages The Legal Age for Drinking Alcohol Should Not Be Lowered To 18 In the United States. Every state has the right to set its own legal drinking age. However, according to George Will in an article he wrote in the Washington Post about the legal drinking age, â€Å"drinking age paradox† â€Å"lowering the drinking age will cost the state ten percent of its federal highway funds and cause a significant uproar from contractors and construction unions.† It is therefore in the best interest of every citizen

American Criminal Justice Systems and Functions Free Essays

Criminal justice is the system of legislation, practices and institutions used by the federal, state and local governments to maintain social order by controlling crime and punishing those who violate the set laws with criminal penalties. In the past, the society had their own ways in which they controlled behavior of individuals and groups so that social order would be achieved. Most societies were controlled by norms, beliefs and values which ensured every individual or group confirmed to the societal set values. We will write a custom essay sample on American Criminal Justice Systems and Functions or any similar topic only for you Order Now The indigenous societies sanctioned the members who did not conform to the societal values and norms. Type of sanction differed from society to society. In some societies, those who violated societal values by engaging in criminal and deviant behavior, for instance, rape, the individual in most societies was perceived as bad omen and the sanction included communication from society or burning the person into ashes. The sanctions encouraged conformity in the society (Cole, 1999). In the modern times, norms still control behavior in some societies by immigration and intercultural interactions have limited the behavior control through norms. America in particular is inhabited by people from different nationalities and cultures and therefore becomes the ideal control tool for crime. American Criminal Justice systems present a uniform system that control behavior of individuals regardless of race, religion, culture or ethnic group and hence assist in maintaining social order in the American society. The Criminal justice policy in the United States has been guided by the 1967 president’s commission on law enforcement and administration of Justice which issued initial report† the challenge of crime in a free society. † The commission advocated a â€Å"systems† approach to criminal justice. The President’s commission defined criminal justice system as the means for society to â€Å"enforce the standards of conduct necessary to protect individuals and the community† (Cochranc, Melville and Marsh, 2004; Feinman, 1994) In America, the law enforcement agencies include police prosecutors, courts, defense attorney and corrections which are concerned with arrest, charging adjudication and punishment of those found guilty hence maintaining social order. In the ancient time, especially in the Middle Ages, common forms of punishments included exile, payment to victim in case of violent crimes, lack of payment attracted harsh penalties like corporal punishment in form of mutilation, flogging and sometimes execution. The present criminal justice systems try to ensure fairness and justice. Past data indicate that the society in US did not respect police as law enforcers until 1920. s when the police adopted new technology and placed emphasis on community policing following urban unrest. Introduction of comp stat in 1990s, in the police departments has assisted the police to track criminals and the criminal justice system hold police responsible for dealing with crime problems. The interaction between the police and the community through community policing has assisted in tracking criminals. Criminal law in America involves persecution of an individual by the government for committing an act that has been classified as a crime. Most crimes in the United States are established by local state and federal government. In a criminal case, the state through a prosecutor initiates the law suit and the offender jailed authorized to pay a fine or both. In American Justice System, crime may be classified as felony or misdemeanor. Felony includes serious offences like rape and murder which attract one or more year’s imprisonment. Misdemeanors include such crimes like petty theft which attract less than a year imprisonment as a way of correction. However, before any act is considered crime, it has to be established by statute or common law (Walker, 1993). Scholars have contributed a lot in the American Criminal justice system. Scholars through providing courses in criminology and psychology assist in explaining why some individuals engage in criminal behavior and classify different types of crimes like organized crime, white-color crime and juvenile crime. Sociologists have put forward classical conflict and positivist theories that explain why crime occurs and give remedies on how to curb the crimes and control further c criminal cases in the society. In America, crime is defined, classified, graded prohibited and punishable by the state. Criminal law in America is distinguished from all other kinds of law because it carries it the moral condemnation of all society. All crimes are an injury against the society because the society as a whole through its legislatures has made of collective judgment that certain behaviors are harmful to the societal interests’ (Walker, 1993) In the recent past, there have been occurrences of violent crimes which have promoted the government to revise and classify c criminal acts. American legislature has classified the crimes in different categories and they attract different punishments. Treason, sedition and espionage are crimes that are committed against the state. The crimes indicate non-patriotism of the offenders and the government controls such crimes for the protection of natural security. Most offenders who are found guilty of the offence receive heavy punishment, for instance, corporal punishment which may include execution depending on the intensity of the offence. Murder, manslaughter, rape, kidnapping, assault and battery are crimes that are committed against persons. These crimes too fall under felony and the state ensures there is societal order and uniformity. The state punishes the offenders with the objective of protecting the persons against violence. Burglary, arson and home invasion are classified as crimes against habitation with the aim of protecting the safety and security of one’s home. The crimes too are considered felony and must be discouraged to ensure harmony in the society (Cole, 1999; Parker, 2006; Cochranc, Melville and Marsh 2004). Theft, larceny, robbery, vandalism, forgery, extortion, fraud and embezzlement are classified as crimes against property and are controlled to protect private property. Protection of property ensures there is harmony and order in the society. Disorderly conduct vagrancy, incitement too riot, motor vehicle offences and alcohol and drugs are classified as crimes against public order and are controlled to protect public peace, order and safety. Resisting arrest, obstruction of justice, bribery, escape and contempt of court are classified as crimes against administration of justice by legislature and are controlled to preserve honesty and efficiency of public administration. Prostitution, sodomy, obscenity, incest, indecent exposure, gambling alcohol and drugs are classified as crimes against public morals and they area controlled to ensure tradition morality is maintained. This will ensure that the society is morally upright. Bestiality and animal abuse are crimes against nature and the crime is regulated to maintain public health. Pollution, fishing and hunting, smoking and toxic waste dumping in America are crimes against environment and the state regulate them to preserve public health and natural environment. All crimes in US are â€Å"owned’ by the state which does prosecution in its own name to maintain societal order and harmony. Police are the first grouped the offender encounter first in criminal justice system (Walker, 1993; Cole, 1999). The police do investigation and arrest the offender. After the arrest the criminal is taken to court where justice is administered through court ruling. A prosecutor who acts on behalf of state then makes accusation of the individual against the state in criminals’ proceedings. The offender through his/her attorney can justify his innocence before a judge or panel of judges or jury. In America, plea bargaining is allowed where the accused is given reduced punishment when he pleads guilty. In some cases, the justice system in America like any other justice system is prone to bias discrimination which is a threat to objective decision. After the curt ruling the offender is turned to correctional authorities when found guilty (Walker, 1993; Cole, 1999). In America, prisons are meant to reform criminals hence viewed as the best correctional authority. In America, the offenders may be required some set amount of fine to be set free or in conjunction with imprisonment. In the recent past, probation has become common where the individual mobility is limited together with opportunity to commit a crime while in prison; the prisoners are equipped with various manual skills that will assist then to live a productive life after prison. Also, there are other prisons where the prisoners are given religious ethics to assist them reform positively. Death penalty in America is rarely administered as many activists have argued that it violates the human rights of the criminals. American court system is based on English statutes. In the court, four groups are involved in criminal case proceeding. These include the offender, prosecutor, judge or panel or judges or jury and the attorney. American legislature is responsible for enacting statutes, for example criminal law which govern conduct of individuals, groups or organization. American court system is governed by rules of procedure. The criminal cases in the court require special contribution safeguards for the accused. In a criminal case, the party that brings a case is called the prosecutors and the person sued is called defendant. The American legal system allow defendant to be represented by a lawyer who should protect the interests of the person. If one cannot afford a lawyer, the state provides a lawyer. A jury in American court system listens to the evidence and determines the outcome based on substantive law as instructed by a judge. The judge in American court system acts as a reference by enforcing the rules and explaining the applicable law. Criminal court system in America is on top of the thirteen individual state judicial systems. The American constitution contains very little about criminal law. Criminal law is the collection of rules that identifies behavior that is condemned by the government with the aim of protecting the health and safety of American citizens and the state punishments with violation of the set rules (Feinman 1994; Parker, 2006). American criminal justice system is sometimes viewed to be unfair. Some cases of unfairness are genuine especially when there is discrimination based on race, religion and ethnic group. However, some cases of unfairness are based on misconception or due to conflict of law criminal. Most criminal defendants are not incarcerated for their crimes, not because the state lack resources to finance imprisonment, but because their offences are not insufficiently serious to warn imprisonment. Most crimes are directly related to lack of education, homelessness, mental illness, drug addiction, alcohol addiction, lack of proper parenting as opposed to evil motive. Therefore many judges, defense attorney and police officers are aware of the cause unless they are new in the career. However, American criminal justice advocate for constitution follow-up (Cole, 1999; Cochranc, Melville and Marsh, 2004). Judges in criminal cases act universally in a conservative manner. This means that most judges will not risk political fall out or destruction of their professional career for the sake of safeguarding individual defendant’s rights. Conservative ruling usually involves following constitution and state statute. It may also be based on public policy over settled constitutional and statutory law (Walker, 1993). In the American criminal justice system, it has been noted that 90% of criminals plead guilty hence trials are rare. Prosecutors in the criminal justice system represent the state and not individuals together with the judges. But judges represent the state in a different capacity from the prosecutor. Defense attorney represent the defendant rights. Jury is known to represent the people hence prosecutors prefer trial –by judge while defense attorney prefer trial by – jury (Cole, 1999; Parker, 2006) In conclusion, American criminal justice system is controlled by the American constitution and differs in the various states. The system is mainly meant to maintain order in society. References Cochrane, J. , Melville, G. , Marsh, I. (2004). Criminal Justice: An Introduction to Philosophies, Theories and Practice. London: Routledge. Retrieved November 29, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=108764949 Cole, D. (1999). Discrimination and Denial: Systemic Racism in Ontario’s Legal and Criminal Justice System, 1892-1961. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 41(3), 428. Retrieved November 29, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5001287719 Feinman, C. (1994). Women in the Criminal Justice System (3rd ed. ). Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. Retrieved November 29, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=15255576 Parker, M. (2006). Asphalt Justice: A Critique of the Criminal Justice System in America. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 37(3), 479+. Retrieved November 29, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5016038470 Walker, S. (1993). Taming the System: The Control of Discretion in Criminal Justice, 1950-1990. New York: Oxford University Press. Retrieved November 29, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=97471694 How to cite American Criminal Justice Systems and Functions, Papers

History of Social Thought Essay Example For Students

History of Social Thought Essay On October 27, 1994, Susan Smith watched her burgundy MazdaProtege roll into the watery depths of John D. Long Lake carryingher two sons, Michael, 3, and his 14-month-old brother, AlexanderHenderson and Fields 1995). One can only wonder what could havecaused a mother to intentionally murder her two beautiful babyboys. The motive seemed to be that Susan Smiths wealthyboyfriend did not want the children. She also stated in herhandwritten confession that she knew he would never love her(Smith 1994). I can only speculate that she meant he would neverlove her as long as she had children. However, I believe thatSusan must have been deeply disturbed to commit such a horribleIn order to better understand this unthinkable act, I choseto use the psychoanalytic theory from the psychologicalperspective. I think this theory can describe Susans behaviorbetter than the cognitive consistency theory because the id, ego,and super-ego seem to observe mental processes more than thecognitive consistency theory does. Using the cognitiveconsistency theory would make it more difficult to observe themental processes of Susan Smith that I believe are necessary tounderstand this crime (Lecture notes, psychological perspective,cognitive consistency theory). I will also use the sociallearning theory under the behavioral perspective because I believepositive and negative reinforcement can make it more clear as towhy Susan Smith killed her children. I chose not to use thesocial exchange theory because, in this case, Susan Smith is not negotiating anything as social exchange theory explains. It alsotends to be a hedonistic view of the human (Lecture notes,behavioral perspective, social exchange theory, 2000). The lasttheory that will be discussed from the sociological perspective isthe role theory. I believe that it is a most obvious concept thatSusan Smith defyed her status and role of being a mother that oursociety accepts. Role theory will be more helpful than symbolicinteraction theory be cause I believe that Susan Smith had a greatdeal of role conflict between being a mother and a girlfriend. Symbolic interaction theory does not deal with roles, and focusesmore on symbolic communications (Lecture notes, sociologicalperspective, symbolic interaction theory, 2000). The psychoanalytic theory helps us to better understandpersonality development of individuals. According to Freud, wehave a bio-sexual origin of personality that consists of twocomponents. The first is called the Eros, and it is our lifeinstinct. It is our will to stay alive under any circumstances. The second component is the Thenatos which is our death instinct. These are motivators for our social behavior (Lecture notes,psychological perspective, psychoanalytic theory, 2000). SusanSmith stated that she wanted to roll into the river along with hertwo children, but she decided against it (Smith). Perhaps herEros was much more powerful than her Thenatos, or she would havefollowed her death instinct and killed herself also. The psychoanalytic theory also states that we have three componentsthat make up our personality. First, there is the id which contains our drives, wants, and needs that we are born with(Lecture notes, psychological perspective, psychoanalytic theory,2000). The id i s sometimes thought of as our unconscious thoughtsthat we are unaware of. The second aspect to the personality iscalled the super-ego which holds our moral beliefs and norms thatare developed through parental socialization (Lecture notes,psychological perspective, psychoanalytic theory, 2000). In otherwords, the super-ego is not something we are born with, but itcontains morals and values that are taught to us by our parents. The third aspect to the personality is the ego. This is perhapsthe most important part of the personality because it attempts tosatisfy the ids desires. It is a neutral mechanism that could bethought of as the conscious decisions we make on a daily basis(Lecture notes, psychological perspective, psychoanalytic theory,2000). For instance, Susan Smiths id wanted to be with herwealthy boyfriend. This was her main desire that she wasconcerned with. She knew that he did not want children. Hersuper-ego knew that killing her children was very wrong. Therefore, her ego tried to help out her desire to be with herboyfriend, and her id took over her personality because sheeliminated her children from the picture. Thus, Susans super-egoSocial learning theory has operant conditioning aspects to itthat looks to behavior being motivated by rewards and punishments. It states that our behaviors are motivated to avoid punishmentsand optimize rewards. We theoretically do this to gain positive and negative reinforcement (Lecture notes, behavioral perspective,social learning theory, 2000). Positive reinforcement is anypleasant event that we receive by performing a certain behavior. On the other hand, negative reinforcement has to do with receivinga reward by removal of an aversive stimulus (Lecture notes,behavioral perspective, social learning theory, 2000). We learnwhat behaviors elicit rewards and punishments by our ownbehaviors. Susan Smith learned that removing her children fromher life became negative reinforcement. She believed she wouldgain positive re inforcement which would be the love of herboyfriend. However, along with reinforcement, there usually comespunishment. Positive punishment consists of applying unwantedstimuli, and negative punishment can be defined as the removal ofwanted stimuli (Lecture notes, behavioral perspective, sociallearning theory, 2000). Susan Smiths punishment began as soon asshe realized what she had done. Her confession clearly states howshe was terribly guilt-ridden and had felt miserable about killingher children (Smith 1994). This could be a form of negativepunishment because her children were permanently removed from herlife forever. After her confession, she was sentenced to life inprison. This can clearly be seen as positive punishment becauseher freedom was taken away from her forever. .u2b9539d984b3907ef065ebf42c9442b7 , .u2b9539d984b3907ef065ebf42c9442b7 .postImageUrl , .u2b9539d984b3907ef065ebf42c9442b7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2b9539d984b3907ef065ebf42c9442b7 , .u2b9539d984b3907ef065ebf42c9442b7:hover , .u2b9539d984b3907ef065ebf42c9442b7:visited , .u2b9539d984b3907ef065ebf42c9442b7:active { border:0!important; } .u2b9539d984b3907ef065ebf42c9442b7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2b9539d984b3907ef065ebf42c9442b7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2b9539d984b3907ef065ebf42c9442b7:active , .u2b9539d984b3907ef065ebf42c9442b7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2b9539d984b3907ef065ebf42c9442b7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2b9539d984b3907ef065ebf42c9442b7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2b9539d984b3907ef065ebf42c9442b7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2b9539d984b3907ef065ebf42c9442b7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2b9539d984b3907ef065ebf42c9442b7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2b9539d984b3907ef065ebf42c9442b7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2b9539d984b3907ef065ebf42c9442b7 .u2b9539d984b3907ef065ebf42c9442b7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2b9539d984b3907ef065ebf42c9442b7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Spinoza feat descartes EssayRole theory is a theory that helps us to better understandour social behaviors. We all have roles and statuses in our everyday lives that pertain to how we live on a daily basis. However, some people do not follow socially accepted roles and norms. Among the roles that we have in life, there can also berole conflict. Role conflict is when our different roles are notcompatible with each other because of the different statuses thata person occupies (Lecture notes, sociological perspective, roletheory, 2000). Susan Smith obviously had great conflict among herstatus as a mother, and her status as a girlfriend. She becamecaught up in making a choice to be a mother or a girlfriend. Shemost definitely made the wrong decision, one that she will have tolive with forever.Statuses are what we are in life, and rolesare what we do in life (Lecture notes, sociological perspective,role theory). For instance, one of Susan Smiths statuses wasbeing a mother. What is a mother? A mother is supposed to love,care, and protect her children before anything else in her life. Susan Smiths role as a mother was definitely not normal. Perhapsshe was confused about what her role as a mother should be. Shedeviated from her role as a mother so dramatically, and it isalmost impossible to understand how a mother could watch herchildren die. I believe that she knew perfectly well what herrole as a mother should be, but she chose to be extremely selfish. There are two types of statuses that go along with role theory. Ascribed statuses are those that are given to us without a choice,and achieved statuses are those that we choose or achieve (Lecturenotes, soci ological perspective, role theory, 2000). Since beinga mother is an achieved status, it is even more difficult to understand why Susan Smith changed her mind about this status thatwas achieved and killed her children. It is hard to believe that amother would choose a man over her own children permanently. All three of the theories discussed previously have beensuccessful in analyzing Susan Smiths awful crime. However, Ibelieve that the social learning theory can best explain thisheinous incident because it seems that Susan Smith was onlyconcerned with optimizing her rewards. This theory works betterthan the others because the other theories were not as clear on what motivated Susan to commit such a crime. She was so motivatedto receive her boyfriends approval and love that she removed herprecious children from her life. In the end, she only receivedhorrible punishments. Punishments that will be neverending. Notonly will she never be free again, but she is hated among almosteveryone that has heard this horrific story. I believe that Susanhas definitely learned a great lesson by being punished to life inprison. She did not receive any rewards by killing her children. This is a story that will make ones stomach turn, and everyloving mother embrace their child. I dont think anyone will everknow what Susan Smith was really thinking as she watched herchildren slowly immerse into the murky waters of John D. Long Lakethat autumn day. It seems too difficult to try to understand whya mother would kill her own children. Hopefully some day we canfully understand the nature of this crime, and crimes related toit, so that we may put a permanent stop to innocent children beingmurdered by the person that is supposed to protect them the most. Bibliography:of North Carolina. Duraam, NC.Reference ListDr. T., (2000)., SO/PY 442, lecture notes: Covariation Model of Attribution. University of NorthCarolina, Durham, NCDr. T., (2000)., SO/PY 442, lecture notes: Attribution Processes. University of NorthCarolina, Durham, NCDr. T., (2000)., SO/PY 442, lecture notes: Attribution Error and Bias. University of NorthCarolina, Durham, NCDelamater, J., Michener, A. (1994) SocialPsychology.